Week 5
LBSC 690
Information Technology
Human-Computer Interaction=
Agenda
&#=
8226;Questions
&#=
8226;HCI
overview
&#=
8226;Input
and output devices
&#=
8226;Interface
design
&#=
8226;Interaction
design
&#=
8226;Evaluation
What are Humans Good At?
• Sense
low level stimuli
• Recognize
patterns
• Reason
inductively
• Apply
multiple strategies
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<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.67%'>•Communicate
with multiple channels
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.47%'>•Adapt
to changes or unexpected events
What are Computers Good At?
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•Sense
stimuli outside human’s range
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•Calculate
quickly and accurately
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.11%'>•Store
large quantities and recall accurately
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•Respond
rapidly and consistently
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>•Perform
repetitive actions reliably
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.74%'>•Work
under heavy load for an extended period
Synergy
• Humans do what they are good at=
3;
• Computers do what they are good at=
• Strengths of one cover weakness of=
the
other
The Discipline of HCI
![](3D"slide0077_image002.jpg")
From ACM SIGCHI Curricula
for Human-Computer Interaction
Types of Applications
&#=
8226;Life
critical
&=
#8211;Low
error rate first and foremost
&=
#8211;Justifies
an enormous design and testing effort
&#=
8226;Custom
Commercial
&=
#8211;Speed
and error rate
&#=
8226;Office
and Home
&=
#8211;Easy
learning, high user satisfaction, low cost
&#=
8226;Creative
&=
#8211;User
needs assessment is very challenging
User Characteristics
&#=
8226;Physical
&=
#8211;Anthropomorphic
(height, left handed, etc.)
&=
#8211;Age
(mobility, dexterity, etc.)
&#=
8226;Cognitive
&#=
8226;Perceptual
&=
#8211;Sight,
hearing, etc.
&#=
8226;Personality
&=
#8211;Including
cultural factors
Modeling Interaction
Task
System
![](3D"slide0009_image003.gif")
Mental Models
![](3D"slide0009_image004.gif")
=
Sight
=
Sound
=
Hands
=
Voice
Task
User
![](3D"slide0009_image005.gif")
Software Models
![](3D"slide0009_image006.gif")
=
Keyboard
=
Mouse
=
Display
Speaker
![](3D"slide0009_image007.gif")
![](3D"slide0009_image008.gif")
![](3D"slide0009_image009.gif")
![](3D"slide0009_image010.gif")
![](3D"slide0009_image011.gif")
Human
Computer
Discussion Point: Mental Models
•As a user, what=
do
you need to know about a machine in order to interact wi=
th
it effectively?
Mental Models
&#=
8226;How
the user thinks the machine works
&=
#8211;What
actions can be taken?
&=
#8211;What
results are expected from an action?
&=
#8211;How
should system output be interpreted?
&#=
8226;Mental
models exist at many levels
&=
#8211;Hardware,
operating system, and network
&=
#8211;Application
programs
&=
#8211;Information
resources
The GOMS Perspective
&#=
8226;Goals
&=
#8211;What
the user is trying to achieve
&#=
8226;Operators
&=
#8211;What
capabilities the system provides
&#=
8226;Methods
&=
#8211;How
those capabilities can be used
&#=
8226;Selection
strategies
&#=
8211;Which
method to choose in a specific case
Input Devices
&#=
8226;Text
&=
#8211;Keyboard,
optical character recognition
&=
#8211;Speech
recognition, handwriting recognition
&#=
8226;Direct
manipulation
&=
#8211;2-D:
mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch panel
&=
#8211;3-D:
wand, data glove
&#=
8226;Remote
sensing
&=
#8211;Camera,
speaker ID, head tracker, eye tracker
Keyboard
&#=
8226;Produces
character codes
&=
#8211;ASCII: American English
&=
#8211;Latin-1:
European languages
&=
#8211;UNICODE:
(nearly) Any language
&=
#8226;Pictographic
languages need “entry methods”
&#=
8226;Keyboard
shortcuts help with data entry
&=
#8211;Different
conventions for standard tasks abound
&#=
8226;VT-100
standard” functions are common
&=
#8211;Differing
layouts can inhibit usability
Design Example: QWE=
RTY
Keyboard
![](3D"slide0084_image013.jpg")
From http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/whyqwert.html
Dvorak Keyboard
![](3D"slide0083_image015.gif")
From http://www.mwbrooks.com/dvorak/
2-D Direct Manipulation
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&#=
8226;Match
control actions with on-screen behavior
&=
#8211;Use
a cursor for visual feedback if needed
&#=
8226;Rotary
devices
&=
#8211;Mouse,
trackball
&#=
8226;Linear
devices
&=
#8211;Touch
pad, touch screen, iPod shuttle, joystick
&#=
8226;Rate
devices
&=
#8211;Laptop
eraserhead
Modeling Interaction
Task
System
![](3D"slide0096_image016.gif")
Mental Models
![](3D"slide0096_image017.gif")
=
Sight
=
Sound
=
Hands
=
Voice
Task
User
![](3D"slide0096_image018.gif")
Software Models
![](3D"slide0096_image019.gif")
=
Keyboard
=
Mouse
=
Display
Speaker
![](3D"slide0096_image020.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image021.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image022.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image023.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image024.gif")
Human
Computer
Human Senses
&#=
8226;Visual
&=
#8211;Position/motion,
color/contrast, symbols
&#=
8226;Auditory
&=
#8211;Position/motion,
tones/volume, speech
&#=
8226;Haptic
&=
#8211;Mechanical,
thermal, electrical, kinesthethic
&#=
8226;Olfactory
&=
#8211;Smell,
taste
&#=
8226;Vestibular
Computer Output
&#=
8226;Image
display
&#=
8211;Fixed
view, movable view, projection
&#=
8226;Acoustic
display
&=
#8211;Headphones,
speakers, within-ear monitors
&#=
8226; Tactile display
=
&#=
8211;vibrotactile,
pneumatic, piezoelectric
&#=
8226;Force
feedback
&#=
8211;dexterous
handmaster, joystick, pen
Computer Output
&#=
8226;Inertial
Display
&=
#8211;Motion-based
simulators
&#=
8226;Olfactory
Display
&=
#8211;Chemical
(requires resupply)
&#=
8226;Locomotive
display
&=
#8211;Stationary
bicycle, treadmill, ... (trip hazards)
&#=
8226;Temperature
Display
Interaction Styles
&#=
8226;Graphical
User Interfaces (GUI)
&=
#8211;Direct
manipulation (2D, 3D)
&=
#8211;Menus
&#=
8226;Language-based
interfaces
&=
#8211;Command
line interfaces
&=
#8211;Interactive
voice response systems
&#=
8226;Virtual
Reality (VR)
&=
#8211;Direct
manipulation
&#=
8226;Ubiquitous
computing
WIMP Interfaces
•Windows
&=
#8211;Spatial
context
•Icons
&=
#8211;Direct
manipulation
•Menus
&=
#8211;Hierarchy
•Pointing
devices
&=
#8211;Spatial
interaction
GUI Components
&#=
8226;Windows
(and panels)
&=
#8211;Resize,
drag, iconify, scroll, destroy
&#=
8226;Selectors
&=
#8211;Menu
bars, pulldown lists
&#=
8226;Buttons
&=
#8211;Labeled
buttons, radio buttons, checkboxes
&#=
8226;Icons
(images)
&=
#8211;Select,
open, drag, group
Direct Manipulation
&#=
8226;Select
a metaphor
&=
#8211;Desktop,
CD player, map, …
&#=
8226;Use
icons to represent conceptual objects
&=
#8211;Watch
out for cultural differences
=
226;Manipulate
those objects with feedback
&=
#8211;Select
(left/right/double click), move (drag/drop)
Spreadsheets: Direct Manipulation=
![](3D"slide0097_image026.jpg")
Menus
&#=
8226;Conserve
screen space by hiding functions
&=
#8211;Menu
bar, pop-up
&#=
8226;Can
hierarchically structured
&=
#8211;By
application’s logic
&=
#8211;By
convention (e.g., where is the print function?)
&#=
8226;Tradeoff
between breadth and depth
&=
#8211;Too
deep Þ can become hard to find things&#=
13;
&=
#8211;Too
broad Þ becomes direct manipulation
Dynamic Queries
&#=
8226;What
to do when menus become too deep
&=
#8211;Merges
keyboard and direct manipulation
&#=
8226;Select
menu items by typing part of a word
&=
#8211;After
each letter, update the menu
&#=
8211;Once
the word is displayed, user can click on it
&#=
8226;Example: Windows help index<=
/div>
Language-Based Interfaces<=
/div>
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&#=
8226;Command
Entry
&#=
8211;Compact
and flexible
&#=
8211;Powerful
in the hands of expert users
&#=
8211;Difficult
for novices to learn
&#=
8226;Natural
Language
&#=
8211;Intuitive
and expressive
&=
#8211;Ambiguity
makes reliable interpretation difficult
Ben’s “Seamless
Interfaces”
&#=
8226;Informative
feedback
&#=
8226;Easy
reversal
&#=
8226;User
in control
&=
#8211;Anticipatable
outcomes
&=
#8211;Explainable
results
&=
#8211;Browsable
content
&#=
8226;Limited
working memory load
&=
#8211;Query
context
&=
#8211;Path
suspension
&#=
8226;Alternatives
for novices and experts
&=
#8211;Scaffolding
Doug’s “Synergistic
Interaction”
&#=
8226;Interdependence
with process
&=
#8211;Co-design
with search strategy, Speed
&#=
8226;System
initiative
&#=
8211;Guided
process, exposing the structure of knowledge
&#=
8226;Support
for reasoning
&=
#8211;Representation
of uncertainty
&=
#8211;Meaningful
dimensions
&#=
8226;Synergy
with features used for search
&=
#8211;Weakness
of similarity, Strength of language
&#=
8226;Easily
learned
&=
#8211;Familiar
metaphors (timelines, ranked lists, maps)
Demo: Lighthouse
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.24%'>•3-D
direct manipulation similarity search
Design Critique
Aural Perception
&#=
8226;We
respond to sounds without prior focus=
&#=
8211;Lack
of focus limits simultaneous stimuli
&#=
8226;Absolute
amplitude & pitch hard to interpret
&=
#8211;But
changes
stand out clearly
<=
/div>
&#=
8226;Stereo
effect provides a sense of direction<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Ro=
man";
display:none'>
&=
#8211;Relative
amplitude, phase difference
Speech Output
&#=
8226;Replay
of digitized speech clips
&=
#8211;High
fidelity, but limited vocabulary
&#=
8226;Speech
Synthesis
&=
#8211;Generate
spoken output from unrestricted input
&=
#8226;Based
on pronunciation rules and lists of exceptions
&=
#8211;Sounds
unnatural due to misplaced emphasis
&#=
8226;Prosody-guided
speech synthesis
&=
#8211;Use
pronunciation of similar words as a guide
Auditory Display
&#=
8226;Nonspeech
audio output for user interfaces
&#=
8226;Same
objectives as graphical output:
&=
#8211;Alert
the user to exceptional conditions
&=
#8211;Provide
ubiquitous feedback
&=
#8211;Present
information
&#=
8226;But
different characteristics
&=
#8211;Effective
even without focus
&=
#8211;Fairly
low resolution
Auditory Display Design
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&#=
8226;Need
a metaphor
&=
#8211;Clock
ticking, alarm bells, keyboard clicks, etc.
&#=
8226;Channel
is easily overloaded
&=
#8211;Focus
helps manage cognitive load
&#=
8226;Changes
are more useful than values
&=
#8211;Pitch,
amplitude, position, harmonics, etc.
An Auditory Image Display<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Ro=
man";
mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>
&#=
8226;Display
2-D images using only sound
&=
#8211;Sweep
from left to right every second
&=
#8226;Audible
pause and click between sweeps
&=
#8211;Top
pixels are high frequency, bottom are low
=
226;Blind
users can detect objects and motion
&=
#8211;Time
indicates horizontal position
&=
#8211;Pitch
indicates vertical position
&=
#8211;Sweep-to-sweep
differences indicate motion
http://www.visualprosthesis.com/javoice.htm
Interactive Voice Response System=
s
&#=
8226;Operate
without graphical interfaces
&=
#8211;Hands-free
operation (e.g., driving)
&=
#8211;Telephone
access
&#=
8226;Built
on three technologies
&=
#8211;Speech
recognition (input)
&=
#8211;Text-to-speech
(output)
&=
#8211;Dialog
management (control)
=
226;Example:
TellMe (1-800-555-TELL)
Dialogue Management
&#=
8226;User
initiative
&#=
8226;System
initiative
&=
#8211;Allows
a smaller vocabulary
&#=
8226;Mixed
initiative (e.g., barge in)
![](3D"slide0047_image027.gif")
Interaction Design
Where are
you departing
from?
Where do
you want
to go?
What day
do you want
to travel?
Verification
![](3D"slide0047_image028.gif")
![](3D"slide0047_image029.gif")
![](3D"slide0047_image030.gif")
![](3D"slide0047_image031.gif")
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Goodbye
Wrong
Confirmed
Baltimore
National
Dulles
San Francisco
Oakland
San Jose
Anywhere
else
Day when there
are flights
Not a day
Sorry
Another
day
Anywhere
else
Evaluation Measures
&#=
8226;Time
to learn
&#=
8226;Speed
of performance
&#=
8226;Error
rate
&#=
8226;Retention
over time
&#=
8226;Subjective
satisfaction
Evaluation Approaches
Summary
&#=
8226;HCI
design starts with user needs + abilities
&=
#8211;Users
have a wide range of both=
3;
&#=
8226;Users
must understand their tools
&=
#8211;And
these tools can learn about their user!
&#=
8226;Many
techniques are available
&=
#8211;Direct
manipulation, languages, menus, etc.
&=
#8211;Choosing
the right technique is important
&#=
8226;LBSC
795 in Spring 2006 has this focus
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Fuzzy and hard things
“Simple
and sharply defined things” again paraphrasing George Miller<=
/div>
The
name "QWERTY" for our typewriter keyboard comes from the first s=
ix letters
in the top alphabet row (the one just below the numbers). It is also called
the "Universal" keyboard for rather obvious reasons. It was the =
work
of inventor C. L. Sholes, who put together the prototypes =
of
the first commercial typewriter in a Milwaukee machine
shop back in the 1860's.
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------=_NextPart_01C5C3AA.B5A56820
Content-Location: file:///C:/F533C6D5/690f055_files/script.js
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii"
function LoadSld()
{
var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) {
sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
return
}
if( MakeNotesVis() ) return
runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
InitHLinkArray()
if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
document.body.scroll=3D"no"
_RSW()
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
FullScrInit();
=09
MakeSldVis();
ChkAutoAdv()
if( runAnimations )
{
if( document.all("NSPlay") )
document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;
if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
else
document.body.start();
}
}
function MakeSldVis()
{
var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
if( fTrans )
{
if( g_bgSound ) {
idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
}
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()
}
SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( fTrans )
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()
{
if( !IsNts() ) return false
SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
parent.SetHasNts(0)
if( nObj ) {
nObj.style.display=3D""
parent.SetHasNts(1)
}
return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
if(SldHasTrans())
SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
else
AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
var sld=3DGetCurSld()
if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.getAttribute("filter")!=3D""=
}
function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la=
stIndexOf('/')+1) }
function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl=
e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false }
function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
&& navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
if( msie >=3D 0 )
ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
else
ver=3DparseInt(appVer)
return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
return
var padding=3D0;
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6
cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH
newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1
s=3DSlideObj.style
s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds )
gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
}
}
}
function _KDH()
{
if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
event.returnValue =3D 0;
parent.GoToPrevSld();
}
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;
if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) ||
(event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) )
parent.GoToNextSld();
}
var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 0;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va=
r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;
var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram=
es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D44, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_=
HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
"slide0095.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0080.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("=
slide0081.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0082.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0077.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
ide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli=
de0021.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0094.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
e0075.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0072.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide=
0073.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0084.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0=
083.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0074.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00=
96.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide002=
3.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0089=
.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0032.=
htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0029.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0097.h=
tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0030.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0031.ht=
m",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0102.htm=
",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0103.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0100.htm"=
,1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0101.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0055.htm",=
1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0057.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0058.htm",1=
,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0059.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0060.htm",1,=
-1,1),new hrefList("slide0061.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0065.htm",1,-=
1,1),new hrefList("slide0047.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0079.htm",1,-1=
,1),new hrefList("slide0099.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0016.htm",1,-1,=
1));
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1
if (End < Start)
return href.substring(0, Start)
else
return href.substring(0, End)
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ToggleOtlPane()
{
frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTHorizAdjust")
frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTOtl")
if( gOtlOpen )
frmset.cols=3D"*,100%"
else
frmset.cols=3D"25%,*"
gOtlOpen=3D!gOtlOpen
frm.noResize=3D!frm.noResize
UpdOtNavPane()
}
function ToggleNtsPane()
{
frmset=3Ddocument.all("PPTVertAdjust")
frm=3Ddocument.all("PPTNts")
if( gNtsOpen )
frmset.rows=3D"100%,*"
else
frmset.rows=3D"*,20%"
gNtsOpen=3D!gNtsOpen
UpdNtsPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}
function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }
function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }
function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }
function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }
function BtnOnUp()
{
b=3DGetBtnObj()
if( b !=3D null )
b.Perform()
else
Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }
function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }
function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }
function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
s.display=3D"none"
if( fVal )
s.display=3D""
else
s.display=3D"none"
}
function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }
function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsElem",parent.ToggleNtsPan=
e,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","nb_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToP=
revSld )
gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","nb_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToN=
extSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.=
ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlTxt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent=
.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].m_flagId=3D "notes_flag"
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr=
row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval"
function ShowMenu()
{
BuildMenu();
var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
=3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight
m.style.display=3D""
}
function _CM()
{
if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
ShowMenu()
return false
} else
HideMenu()
}
function BuildMenu()
{
if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return
var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
var s=3DmObj.style
s.position=3D"absolute"
s.cursor=3D"default"
s.width=3D"120px"
SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")
var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
iObj.style.padding=3D2
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
CreateSeparator( iObj )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}
function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }
function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }
function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }
function Perform()
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
e.Action()
else
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
e.style.color=3Dclr
}
}
function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }
function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }
function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { history.back(); PPTSld.event.ca=
ncelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }
function M_True() { return true }
function M_End() { window.close( self ) }
function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
var e=3DCreateItem( node )
e.type=3D"menuitem"
e.Action=3Daction
e.IsActive=3Deval
e.innerHTML=3Dtext
if( !e.IsActive() )
e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"
e.onclick=3DPerform
e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
s=3De.style;
s.fontFamily=3DsFont
s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
s.paddingLeft=3D2
}
function CreateSeparator( node )
{
var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
var s=3DsObj.style
s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
s.height=3D1
s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}
function CreateItem( node )
{
var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
node.insertBefore( elem )
return elem
}
function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
{
var s=3Do.style
s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
s.borderWidth=3D1
s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_01C5C3AA.B5A56820
Content-Location: file:///C:/F533C6D5/690f055_files/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
Human Computer Interaction
------=_NextPart_01C5C3AA.B5A56820--
1878
patent image
Ubiquitous computing names the th=
ird
wave in computing, just now beginning. First were mainframes, each share=
d by
lots of people. Now we are in the personal computing era, person and
machine staring uneasily at each other across the desktop. Next comes
ubiquitous computing, or the age of calm technology,
when technology recedes into the background of our lives. Alan Kay
of Apple calls this "Third Paradigm" computing.
A set of options displayed on the
screen where the selection and execution of one or more of =
the
options results in a change of the state of the interface.
' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
![](3D"buttons.gif")
![](3D"slide0077_image001.png"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0084_image012.jpg"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0083_image014.png"){kind=link}
![](3D"slide0097_image025.png"){kind=link}
![](3D"notes_flag.gif"){kind=link}