Computer Supported Cooperative Work

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Week 12

LBSC 690

Information Technology

Computer Mediated Communications

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charset="us-ascii" Computer Supported Cooperative Work

Agenda

•Questions=

•Computer = mediated communications

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.52%'>•Computer-= supported cooperative work

•Education= al computing

•Project t= esting

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Computer Mediated Communication

•<= /span>CMC refers to human communication via computers--including computer network communication on the Internet and the World Wide Web. People interested in CMC study a range of phenomena--from the dynamics of group communication in = Usenet news articles to how people use hypertext to shape meaning= .

from http://www.ibiblio.org/cmc/center.html

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Describing CMC Applications

&#= 8226;How many participants?

&= #8211;One or many

– <= /div>

&#= 8226;When?

&= #8211;Synchronous or asynchronous

– <= /div>

&#= 8226;Where?

&= #8211;Local or remote

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Cooperative systems

asynchronous distributed

(email, USENET news, BBS)<= /span>

synchronous distributed

(IM, IRC, Netmeeting)=

Different

places

(distributed)

asynchronous interaction

(bulle= tin board)

face to face

(class= room tools)

Same

place

Different Times

(asynchronous)

Same Time

(synchronous)

Inspir= ed by the table in Shneiderman’s “Designing user interfaces”

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Electronic Mail (email)

&#= 8226;Asynchronous and distributed

&#= 8226;A great start for Internet communication

&= #8211;Available even beyond the Internet

&#= 8226;Many email providers

&= #8211;AOL, MSN, Yahoo, universities

= 226;Mailing lists provide simple way to talk to many people at once <= /span>

&= #8211;listservs

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USENET News and BBS

•Asynchronous and distributed

•USENET are similar to a large set of mailing lists

–Hierarchical organization

•Most general appears f= irst (comp., soc., alt. …)

•Most specific appears l= ast (comp.edu.languages.natural)

•Google groups keeps all the news

•Bulletin Board Systems= are Web extension

–Not through emails, but web pages

–More popular than USEN= ET now

–An example: http://www.bianca.com/

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Hands on point: try online BBS

•Go to = http://discus.hope.edu/f03/

•Pick up a= board to read

•Describe = how it is organized

•Powered by discusware at http://www.discusware.com/

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Threads in emails and news

&#= 8226;Many ways to organize messages

&#= 8211;Chronologically

&#= 8211;Same sender

&#= 8211;Same receiver

&#= 8226;Threads provides another way

&#= 8211;under the same subject, in the same topic

&= #8211;Easy to retrieve a set of topic related messages

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Instant Messenger (IM)

•= Synchronous and distributed

•= “talk” on UNIX in old days

•= Popular for similarity to human talking

•A common space shows dialogue history

–= Both people can type at the same time

•= Must has a screen name

–= e.g., atouchofwind

–= both sides have to use the same provider

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Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

&#= 8226;Synchronous and distributed

&#= 8226;Like IM, but with lots more people

&= #8211;Same thing as a chat room on AOL

&#= 8226;Whole lines are sent at a time

&= #8211;Each line is labeled with the sender’s screenname

&#= 8226;Still not allowed in open labs at UMD?

&= #8211;Was simply too popular!

&#= 8226;Yahoo chat: http://chat.yahoo.com/

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Netmeeting

R= 26;The idea of real-time communication between pairs or groups o= ver the internet or intranet using audio, video and data communication.

&#= 8226;Also refers to Microsoft software

&#= 8226;Popular in corporations

&= #8211;Especially in economic downturns

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Successful Story: Glass wall

&#= 8226;Glass wall at PARC

&= #8211;Facilitates unplanned interactions

– <= /div>

&= #8211;Supports informal communications

•

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Hands on Point:
Shared White Board

•Open a browser

•Go to = http://products.figleaf.com/

•Login wit= h a screen name

•Click “draw” if it is available

•Draw a ci= rcle or add things

•Click “release” once you are down

•Another e= xample: Coccinella: http://hem.fyristorg.com/mat= ben/

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Tools inside class/meeting room

&#= 8226;Synchronous and Local

&#= 8226;Support face to face communication

&#= 8226;Meeting support systems

&= #8211;Brainstorming

&= #8211;Online review

&= #8211;Annotated minutes

&#= 8226;Example

&= #8211;Multichat, one minute paper

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Computer Supported Cooperative Work (C= SCW)

&#= 8226;Also known as “groupware”

&#= 8226;Work

&= #8211;Grounded in the study of work processes

&#= 8226;Cooperative

&= #8211;Assumes a shared objective, task

&#= 8226;Information technology supported

&#= 8211;Computers are just one type of tools used

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Key factors in CSCW

•Combined, integrated technologies

•

•Communication and coordination within the group,

•

•Main chal= lenges are from social, not technical or economic

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Key Issues in CSCW

•group awa= reness,

•multi-user interfaces,

•concurren= cy control,

•communication and coordination within the group,

•shared information space and

•the suppo= rt of a heterogenous, open environment

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Case Study: Virtual Reference

•Reference= and virtual reference

•

•Is virtual reference CSCW?

•

•What are = the required functions of virtual reference systems?=

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Case Study: Virtual Reference and CMC tools

•Pros and cons of usi= ng each CMC techniques in virtual reference?

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The Real Example

&#= 8226;What about your project team coordination?

&= #8211;Face to face meetings

– <= /div>

&= #8211;What about other means of CMC?

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Educational Computing

&#= 8226;Computer Assisted Education

&= #8211;What most people think of first

&#= 8226;Computer Managed Instruction

&= #8211;What most people really do first!

&#= 8226;Computer Mediated Communication

&= #8211;All that CSCW stuff applied to education

&#= 8226;Computer-Based Multimedia

&= #8211;Just another filmstrip machine?

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Rationales

&#= 8226;Pedagogic

&= #8211;Use computers to teach

&#= 8226;Vocational

&= #8211;Computer programming is a skill like typing

&#= 8226;Social

&= #8211;Computers are a part of the fabric of society

&#= 8226;Catalytic

&= #8211;Computers are symbols of progress

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Conditions for Success

&#= 8226;Most prerequisites are not computer-specific

–Need, know-how, time, commitment, leadership, incentives, expectations&#= 13;

&= #8211;In one study, only one addressed resources

&#= 8226;The most important barrier isn’t either

&= #8211;Teacher time is by far the most important factor

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Alternatives

&#= 8226;Facilities

&= #8211;Computer classrooms (e.g., teaching theaters)

&= #8211;Computers IN classrooms (e.g., HBK 3108)

&#= 8226;Objectives

&= #8211;“Computer Literacy” is the most common class

&= #8211;Not so in the Maryland teaching theaters

&= #8226;Comparatively few technology classes

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Discussion Point: Computers as Educati= onal Media

&#= 8226;What are the most salient characteristics

&= #8211;Books

&= #8211;Video

– <= /div>

&= #8211;Computers

–

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Distance Education

&#= 8226;Correspondence courses came first

&= #8211;Focus on dissemination and evaluation

&#= 8226;Instructional television was next

&= #8211;Dissemination, interaction, and evaluation

&= #8226;Ordinary television supports only dissemination

&#= 8226;Computer Assisted Instruction

&= #8211;Same three functions

&= #8211;Goal is to be better, cheaper, or both

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Discussion Point: distance = education vs face-to-face teaching

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.41%'>•What we g= ain from distance education?

•

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.44%'>•What we l= ose from distance education?

•

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Case Study: How WebCT was <= /span>selected

&#= 8226;Course Management System

&= #8211;CT stands for Course Tools

&#= 8226;Integrated set of education tools for

&= #8211;Facilitating learning, communications

&= #8211;Organizing course and admin materials

&#= 8226;Face-to-face to online distance learning

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Evaluating a Web course management tool

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.71%'>•FeaturesBack-endOther

Cost

IMS Compliance

Site License

Training <= /div>

Upgrades <= /div>

Vendor Partnerships

CGI Scripts =

Course Archive/Backup

Database Access=

Development Platform (OS, <= /span>Web)=

EXE file support

Java

Logging = ;

Security = 3;

Server Type (Unix, NT)

SSL Compliance<= u>

Student data batch input

Annotation, Browser support

Bulletin Board, Calendar,

Chat, E-mail, File uploads

Graded Assessment, HTML Links<= /span>

Import/Export Capabilities,

Instructor Customization,

Listserv support, Login Secur= ity

Multimedia, Levels, Online grad= ing, Online help,Progress Tr= acking , Self Assessment, Setup wizar= ds, Student Groups, User Interface, = Whiteboardi= ng

Ot= hers

Ba= ckend

Fea= tures

From = Sunil Hazari http://www.sunilhazari.com/education/webct/oldstuff/default.htm

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Project Evaluation

&#= 8226;Review:

&#= 8211;Informal colleague review

&#= 8211;Formal expert review

&#= 8226;Usability testing

&#= 8211;Study the usefulness of the system

&#= 8211;Informal or formal

&#= 8226;Survey

&#= 8211;Clear goal first, then focused items next

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Usability Testing

&#= 8226;Two key issues

&#= 8211;Test types

&#= 8211;Sampling strategies

&#= 8226;Black box tests

&#= 8211;Assumes no knowledge of the design

&= #8226;For example, test every link on every page

&#= 8226;Glass box tests

&= #8211;Use design knowledge to test likely failures

&= #8226;For example, run queries that exercise joins

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Sampling Strategies

&#= 8226;Systematic tests

&= #8211;Broad tests

&= #8226;Web page example: test ever= y link from the top page

&= #8226;Database example: Run each query once

&= #8211;Deep tests

&= #8226;Web page example: follow a = full sequence of links

&= #8226;Database example: Run a query wi= th different data

&#= 8226;Ad hoc tests

&= #8211;Specify how users are selected, give them a task

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Golden rules

&#= 8226;Test often

&= #8211;During the development stage

&= #8211;After completion

– <= /div>

&#= 8226;Select the right tester

&= #8211;Anyone but the developer

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Click to edit Master text styles

Second level

Third level

Fourth level

Fifth level

Books: Stable - you can read them at your own pace, not dependent on other media

Video: Transient, dynamic, multisensory

Computers: Interactive, process-based Plus salient characteristics of video and books

1998

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function LoadSld() { var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj") if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09 sld.style.visibility=3D"visible" return } if( MakeNotesVis() ) return runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations(); =09 if( IsWin("PPTSld") ) parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId()) g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize) g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0) if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) InitHLinkArray() if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) ) document.body.scroll=3D"no" _RSW() if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) FullScrInit(); =09 MakeSldVis(); ChkAutoAdv() if( runAnimations ) { if( document.all("NSPlay") ) document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false; if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans ) setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * = 1000 ); else document.body.start(); } } function MakeSldVis()=20 { var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans() if( fTrans )=09 { if( g_bgSound ) { idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(","); pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx ); pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1))); } SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09 } SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" if( fTrans ) SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play() } function MakeNotesVis()=20 { if( !IsNts() ) return false=20 SlideObj.style.display=3D"none" nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj") parent.SetHasNts(0) if( nObj ) {=20 nObj.style.display=3D"" parent.SetHasNts(1) } return 1 } function ChkAutoAdv() { if(SldHasTrans()) SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv else AutoAdv() } function AutoAdv() { if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return var sld=3DGetCurSld() if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay) } function GetObj(id) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id); else return document.getElementById(id); } function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; } function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la= stIndexOf('/')+1) } function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx= tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl= e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false } function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name } function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") } function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) } function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"= && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) } function SupportsPPTHTML() { var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0 if( msie >=3D 0 ) ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) ) else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) || (event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) ) parent.GoToNextSld(); } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 0; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D34, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0027.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0041.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0032.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0034.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0040.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0035.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0036.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0042.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0044.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0046.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00= 45.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0047.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide004= 8.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0019= .htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0021.= htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.h= tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0053.ht= m",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0051.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0052.htm= ",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0050.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0011.htm"= ,1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0054.htm",= 1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="us-ascii" Computer Supported Cooperative Work ------=_NextPart_01C3BD1A.9A859170 Content-Location: file:///C:/CF1A4AA2/690f0312b_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

1	Computer Mediated Communications Week 12 LBSC 690 Information Technology
2	Agenda Questions Computer mediated communications Computer-supported cooperative work Educational computing Project testing
3	Computer Mediated Communication CMC refers to human communication via computers--including computer network communication on the Internet and the World Wide Web. People interested in CMC study a range of phenomena--from the dynamics of g= roup communication in Usenet news articles to how people use hypertext to shape meaning.
4	Describing CMC Applications How many participants? One or many When? Synchronous or asynchronous Where? Local or remote
5	Cooperative syst= ems
6	Electronic Mail = (email) Asynchronous and distributed A great start for Internet communication Available even beyond the Internet Many email providers AOL, MSN, Yahoo, universities Mailing lists provide simple way to talk to many people at once listservs
7	USENET News and = BBS Asynchronous and distributed USENET are similar to a large set of mailing lists Hierarchical organization Most general appears first (comp., soc., alt. …) Most specific appears last (comp.edu.languages.natural) Google groups keeps all the news Bulletin Board Systems are Web extension Not through emails, but web pages More popular than USENET now An example: http://www.bianca.com/
8	Hands on point: = try online BBS Go to http://discus.hope.edu/f03/ Pick up a board to read Describe how it is organized Powered by discusware at http://www.discusware.com/
9	Threads in email= s and news Many ways to organize messages Chronologically Same sender Same receiver Threads provides another way under the same subject, in the same topic Easy to retrieve a set of topic related messages
10	Instant Messeng= er (IM) Synchronous and distributed “talk” on UNIX in old days Popular for similarity to human talking A common space shows dialogue history Both people can type at the same time Must has a screen name e.g., atouchofwind both sides have to use the same provider
11	Internet Relay = Chat (IRC) Synchronous and distributed Like IM, but with lots more people Same thing as a chat room on AOL Whole lines are sent at a time Each line is labeled with the sender’s screenname Still not allowed in open labs at UMD? Was simply too popular! Yahoo chat: http://chat.yahoo.com/
12	Netmeeting<= /font> The idea of real-time communication between pairs or groups over the internet or intranet using audio, video and data communication. Also refers to Microsoft software Popular in corporations Especially in economic downturns
13	Successful Stor= y: Glass wall Glass wall at PARC Facilitates unplanned interactions Supports informal communications
14	Hands on Point:= Shared White Board Open a browser Go to http://products.figleaf.com/ Login with a screen name Click “draw” if it is available Draw a circle or add things Click “release” once you are down Another example: Coccinella: http://hem.fyristorg.com/matben/
15	Tools inside class/meeting room Synchronous and Local Support face to face communication Meeting support systems Brainstorming Online review Annotated minutes Example Multichat, one minute paper
16	Computer Suppor= ted Cooperative Work (CSCW) Also known as “groupware” Work Grounded in the study of work processes Cooperative Assumes a shared objective, task Information technology supported Computers are just one type of tools used
17	Key factors in = CSCW Combined, integrated technologies Communication and coordination within the group, Main challenges are from social, not technical or economic
18	Key Issues in C= SCW group awareness, multi-user interfaces, concurrency control, communication and coordination within the group, shared information space and the support of a heterogenous, open environment
19	Case Study: Vir= tual Reference Reference and virtual reference Is virtual reference CSCW? What are the required functions of virtual reference systems?
20	Case Study: Vir= tual Reference and CMC tools Pros and cons of using each CMC techniques in virtual reference?
21	The Real Exampl= e What about your project team coordination? Face to face meetings What about other means of CMC?
22	Educational Com= puting Computer Assisted Education What most people think of first Computer Managed Instruction What most people really do first! Computer Mediated Communication All that CSCW stuff applied to education Computer-Based Multimedia Just another filmstrip machine?
23	Rationales<= /font> Pedagogic Use computers to teach Vocational Computer programming is a skill like typing Social Computers are a part of the fabric of society Catalytic Computers are symbols of progress
24	Conditions for = Success Most prerequisites are not computer-specific Need, know-how, time, commitment, leadership, incentives, expectati= ons In one study, only one addressed resources The most important barrier isn’t either Teacher time is by far the most important factor
25	Alternatives Facilities Computer classrooms (e.g., teaching theaters) Computers IN classrooms (e.g., HBK 3108) Objectives “Computer Literacy” is the most common class Not so in the Maryland teaching theaters Comparatively few technology classes
26	Discussion Poin= t: Computers as Educational Media What are the most salient characteristics Books Video Computers
27	Distance Educat= ion Correspondence courses came first Focus on dissemination and evaluation Instructional television was next Dissemination, interaction, and evaluation Ordinary television supports only dissemination Computer Assisted Instruction Same three functions Goal is to be better, cheaper, or both
28	Discussion Poin= t: distance education vs face-to-face teaching What we gain from distance education? What we lose from distance education?
29	Case Study: How= WebCT was selected Course Management System CT stands for Course Tools Integrated set of education tools for Facilitating learning, communications Organizing course and admin materials Face-to-face to online distance learning
30	Evaluating a We= b course management tool FeaturesBack-endOther
31	Project Evaluat= ion Review: Informal colleague review Formal expert review Usability testing Study the usefulness of the system Informal or formal Survey Clear goal first, then focused items next
32	Usability Testi= ng Two key issues Test types Sampling strategies Black box tests Assumes no knowledge of the design For example, test every link on every page Glass box tests Use design knowledge to test likely failures For example, run queries that exercise joins
33	Sampling Strate= gies Systematic tests Broad tests Web page example: test every link from the top page Database example: Run each query once Deep tests Web page example: follow a full sequence of links Database example: Run a query with different data Ad hoc tests Specify how users are selected, give them a task
34	Golden rules Test often During the development stage After completion Select the right tester Anyone but the developer

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